Essential Screenings for Seniors: Prioritize Health as You Age.

Proactive Steps for Longevity and Well-being in Your Golden Years

Embracing the wisdom of the years, our bodies inevitably evolve in a beautiful, natural progression. While aging is an unstoppable voyage, the quality of that journey is profoundly shaped by our present choices. For seniors, proactive health management, especially through routine and vital health screenings, becomes essential. Far more than just scheduled visits, these screenings serve as potent instruments for early detection, prevention, and the enduring well-being that exemplifies healthy aging.

Embrace healthy aging: Regular screenings and an active lifestyle are key to enjoying your golden years to the fullest.

This guide delves into the indispensable health screenings advised for older adults, exploring why they're significant, what they involve, and how they foster a vibrant and satisfying life during your golden years. By championing these essential check-ups, you're not just extending your lifespan, but enriching the life within those years. ^1

The Cornerstone of Healthy Aging: Why Screenings Matter More Than Ever

Imagine navigating a ship without radar. You might reach your destination, but the journey would be fraught with unseen dangers. Health screenings act as your body's radar system, identifying potential issues long before they manifest as serious problems. For seniors, this early detection capability is particularly vital for several reasons:

1. Age-Related Vulnerabilities: As we age, the risk of developing certain conditions—like heart disease, various cancers, osteoporosis, and diabetes—naturally increases. Screenings are designed to specifically target these higher-risk conditions.
2. Asymptomatic Conditions: Many serious diseases, especially in their early stages, present no noticeable symptoms. Hypertension, high cholesterol, and early-stage cancers can silently progress, only becoming apparent when they are more advanced and harder to treat. Screenings catch these silent threats.
3. Improved Treatment Outcomes: When a condition is identified early, treatment options are often more effective, less invasive, and lead to better prognoses. Early intervention can prevent significant disability and improve quality of life.
4. Personalized Health Management: Regular screenings provide your healthcare provider with a longitudinal view of your health. This allows for personalized advice on lifestyle modifications, medication adjustments, and preventive strategies tailored to your unique needs.
5. Peace of Mind: Knowing you are actively monitoring your health, and that potential issues are being addressed, can significantly reduce anxiety and empower you to live more confidently. ^1

Navigating the Landscape of Essential Screenings

The spectrum of recommended screenings can seem daunting, but it's important to remember that not every screening is for everyone, and frequencies vary based on individual risk factors, family history, and previous results. Always consult with your doctor to create a personalized screening schedule. However, certain screenings are generally considered essential for most seniors.

1. Cardiovascular Health: Keeping Your Heart Pumping Strong

Heart disease remains a leading cause of death among older adults. Regular monitoring is crucial. ^2

Blood Pressure (Hypertension) Screening:

• What it is: Blood pressure screening, or hypertension screening, is a crucial health assessment that measures the force of blood against artery walls. This procedure helps identify individuals at risk for hypertension, which can lead to serious complications like heart disease and stroke.
• Why it matters: High blood pressure often has no symptoms but significantly increases the risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney disease, and dementia.
• Frequency: The frequency depends on individual risk factors such as age, family history, and existing health conditions. Generally, adults should have their blood pressure checked at least every two years if readings are normal, while those with elevated blood pressure or other risk factors may require more frequent monitoring. Consulting a healthcare professional is essential for a personalized screening schedule.

Cholesterol (Lipid Panel) Screening:

• What it is: A cholesterol screening, or lipid panel, measures fats in the blood, including total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides. This test is crucial for assessing cardiovascular disease risk and guiding lifestyle changes or treatments. Regular screenings are recommended, especially for those with risk factors like a family history of heart disease, obesity, or diabetes, as they provide valuable insights into overall health and prevention.
• Why it matters: Cholesterol screening via a lipid panel is vital for evaluating cardiovascular health. High levels of LDL cholesterol and triglycerides contribute to atherosclerosis, which increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. Therefore, regular screening is essential for preventive healthcare.
• Frequency: A lipid panel should be conducted every one to five years, depending on individual risk factors and prior test results. Regular monitoring is essential for assessing cardiovascular health and making informed decisions regarding lifestyle and treatment options.

Diabetes (Blood Glucose) Screening:

• What it is: Diabetes screening involves a blood test, commonly a fasting plasma glucose test or HbA1c, to assess blood sugar levels. This process is crucial for identifying individuals at risk of diabetes or those who may already have the condition without being aware of it.
• Why it matters: The significance of screening lies in its potential to prevent serious health complications associated with undiagnosed or poorly managed diabetes. These complications can include heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, nerve damage, and vision impairment, all of which can severely impact quality of life
• Frequency: It is recommended that individuals, particularly those with risk factors such as obesity or a family history of diabetes, undergo screening annually. Regular monitoring can facilitate early detection and management, ultimately reducing the risk of developing severe health issues related to diabetes. ^2 ^3

Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) / Stress Test:

• What it is: An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a test that captures the electrical activity of the heart, while a stress test evaluates how the heart performs during physical exertion. Together, these assessments provide valuable insights into heart health.
• Why it matters: These tests are crucial for identifying irregular heart rhythms, evidence of past heart attacks, or potential blockages in the coronary arteries. Early detection of these issues can significantly impact treatment and management strategies.
• Frequency: As recommended by your doctor, especially if symptoms of heart disease are present or new exercise regimens are planned. ^2

Hypertension and Dementia Risk

• Hypertension’s Impact on Brain Health: Chronic high blood pressure damages cerebral blood vessels, leading to structural changes, impaired blood flow, and increased risk of stroke and white matter lesions.
• Neurovascular Dysfunction: The review details how hypertension disrupts the blood-brain barrier, impairs neurovascular coupling, and alters cerebral autoregulation—mechanisms essential for healthy brain function.
• Link to Alzheimer’s Disease: It discusses emerging evidence that hypertension may accelerate Alzheimer’s pathology by promoting amyloid-beta accumulation and tau protein hyperphosphorylation.
• Role of Inflammation and Immune Cells: The paper highlights how immune responses—especially involving IL-17 and perivascular macrophages—contribute to vascular damage and cognitive impairment.
• Therapeutic Insights: It evaluates the effectiveness of antihypertensive treatments, especially intensive blood pressure control, in reducing dementia risk, though results across studies are mixed. ^4

2. Cancer Screenings: Early Detection Saves Lives

Cancer risk generally increases with age. Proactive screening can detect many cancers at their most treatable stages.

Colorectal Cancer Screening:

• What it is: Colorectal cancer screening encompasses various methods, including colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, and stool-based tests such as the fecal occult blood test (FIT) and Cologuard. These options provide essential tools for early detection and prevention of colorectal cancer.
• Why it matters: Early detection is crucial, as colorectal cancer is highly treatable when identified in its initial stages. During a colonoscopy, for instance, polyps that have the potential to develop into cancer can be removed, significantly reducing the risk of progression.
• Frequency: Screening is generally recommended to begin at age 50 and continue until age 75, with a colonoscopy every ten years or alternative methods at more frequent intervals. It is important to consult current guidelines and consider individual risk factors, as these may influence the recommended screening schedule. ^11

Difference Between Screening and Diagnostic Colonoscopies

Screening and diagnostic colonoscopies serve distinct purposes in colorectal health. Screening colonoscopies are performed on individuals without symptoms to detect potential issues early, such as polyps or cancer, often following recommended intervals based on age and risk factors. In contrast, diagnostic colonoscopies are conducted when a patient exhibits specific symptoms, such as rectal bleeding or unexplained abdominal pain, to investigate and confirm a diagnosis.

Adhering to the recommended intervals for screening is crucial, as it enhances the likelihood of early detection and successful treatment, ultimately reducing the risk of advanced disease and improving patient outcomes. ^5

Breast Cancer Screening (for Women):

• What it is: Breast cancer screening for women primarily involves mammograms, which are X-ray examinations of breast tissue. This procedure is crucial for identifying potential signs of breast cancer at an early stage, often before any physical symptoms, such as lumps, become apparent.
• Why it matters: The significance of regular mammograms cannot be overstated, as early detection greatly increases the chances of successful treatment and recovery. By identifying abnormalities early, healthcare providers can implement necessary interventions sooner, potentially saving lives.
• Frequency: Women aged 40 to 75 are generally advised to undergo mammograms either annually or biennially. The specific frequency may vary based on individual risk factors and the recommendations of their healthcare providers, ensuring a tailored approach to breast health. ^6

Prostate Cancer Screening (for Men):

• What it is: Prostate cancer screening primarily involves a Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) blood test, often accompanied by a Digital Rectal Exam (DRE). These tests are designed to identify potential signs of prostate cancer in men.
• Why it matters: The significance of screening lies in its ability to detect prostate cancer early. However, it is crucial to engage in a thorough discussion with your healthcare provider regarding the screening process, as there are a risk of false positives and the possibility of unnecessary treatments.
• Frequency: Men should consider initiating conversations about screening with their doctors around the age of 50, considering personal risk factors and family medical history. This tailored approach ensures that decisions regarding screening are well-informed and appropriate for each individual. ^7

 Navigating PSA Screening: The Role of Shared Decision-Making

An article from Nature Reviews Urology explores the role of shared decision-making (SDM) in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening for prostate cancer. SDM is a collaborative process where healthcare providers and patients discuss screening options, considering the patient's values and preferences while addressing potential risks and benefits. Despite guidelines promoting SDM, its application is inconsistent, with some studies showing it occurs in only 11% of cases.

The article highlights factors that can either facilitate or hinder SDM. Trust between physician and patient, continuity of care, and higher education levels generally promote effective SDM. In contrast, limited appointment times, inadequate health literacy, and physicians' personal beliefs about screening can obstruct this process. Although decision aids could improve SDM by clarifying complex information, their use remains infrequent. The authors call for better strategies to incorporate SDM into routine prostate cancer screening discussions. Shared decision-making before prostate cancer screening decisions | Nature Reviews Urology

Skin Cancer Screening:

• What it is: Skin cancer screening involves a dermatologist visually examining your skin for any unusual changes or growths. This process is crucial for identifying melanoma and other types of skin cancer at an early stage, which significantly increases the chances of successful treatment.
• Why it matters: It is especially important for individuals with certain risk factors, such as having fair skin, a history of sunburns, or multiple moles, to undergo these screenings. For those at risk, it is generally recommended to have a skin examination once a year, although your doctor may suggest a different schedule based on your specific situation.
• Frequency: Regular screenings can help catch potential issues before they develop into more serious conditions. By staying proactive about skin health, you can take important steps toward prevention and early intervention. ^8

 The ABCDEs of Melanoma: 

Regularly checking your skin for moles is crucial, and the "ABCDE" rule can help identify potential issues. First, look for asymmetry; if one half of the mole differs from the other, it may be a warning sign. Next, check for irregular or jagged borders, which could indicate a problem.

Color is also key; moles with multiple shades or uneven color should be monitored. If a mole is larger than a pencil eraser, it’s wise to have it checked. Lastly, watch for any changes over time, such as growth or alterations in appearance, as these can signal skin health concerns. For more information and images go to What to look for: ABCDEs of melanoma

Lung Cancer Screening (for high-risk individuals):

• What it is: Lung cancer screening for high-risk individuals involves the use of a low dose computed tomography (LDCT) scan. This advanced imaging technique helps in identifying lung cancer at an early stage, which is crucial for effective treatment.
• Why it matters: The importance of this screening cannot be overstated, especially for heavy smokers or those with a considerable smoking history. Early detection significantly increases the chances of successful treatment and can save lives.
• Frequency: For those who qualify, it is recommended to undergo this screening annually, based on specific criteria such as age and smoking history. Regular screenings can play a vital role in catching lung cancer before it progresses. ^9

3. Bone Health: Maintaining Strength and Mobility

Osteoporosis, a condition that weakens bones, is a significant concern for seniors, especially women.

Bone Density (DEXA Scan) Screening:

• What it is: Bone Density (DEXA Scan) Screening is a medical test that uses dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to assess the density of bones. This scan provides vital information about the mineral content in bones, which is crucial for understanding bone health.
• Why it matters: This screening is significant because it helps diagnose conditions like osteoporosis and osteopenia. By identifying individuals who are at a higher risk for fractures, healthcare providers can recommend preventive measures or treatments to improve bone health and reduce the likelihood of serious injuries.
• Frequency: For women, the recommended age to start screening is sixty-five, while men should begin at 70. However, if there are risk factors present, such as a history of fractures or certain medications, screening may be advised earlier. Regular monitoring can play a key role in maintaining bone health as we age. ^10

🦴 Bone health and senior falls are tightly connected—here’s how:

• Bone health is closely linked to fall risk in seniors. As people age, bones lose density and strength, increasing susceptibility to osteoporosis, which makes bones fragile and prone to fractures from minor falls, especially in the hips, spine, and wrists.
• Seniors with weakened bones face a dual challenge: they are not only more likely to sustain injuries from falls but also more prone to falling due to muscle weakness and balance issues that accompany bone loss. 
• To prevent falls, it is essential to address bone health. By focusing on nutrition, exercise, and medical care to strengthen bones, older adults can reduce their fracture risk and improve balance, significantly enhancing their quality of life and independence.

Seniors Falls Prevention

This guide from the Fall Prevention Foundation outlines essential strategies for seniors to enhance safety and independence by reducing fall risks. It emphasizes regular exercise to improve balance and strength, managing medications that may cause dizziness, and ensuring proper vision and hearing care. Home safety improvements, such as removing tripping hazards and installing grab bars, along with good nutrition, hydration, and appropriate footwear, are also highlighted.

Additionally, the guide underscores the importance of social interaction, mental well-being, and caregiver involvement in fall prevention. It encourages seniors to use mobility aids correctly, monitor health conditions, and prepare for emergencies with alert systems.

Ultimately, the guide advocates for a comprehensive approach to fall prevention, empowering older adults to live confidently and thrive by addressing both physical and emotional needs.  Fall Prevention Strategies for Seniors: A Complete Guide to Staying Safe and Independent - Fall Prevention Foundation

4. Sensory and Cognitive Health: Engaging with the World 

A recent NIH article explores the sensorimotor system, traditionally seen as a movement control mechanism, revealing its significant role in cognitive functions like time perception, spatial awareness, language, and imagination. This supports the idea of embodied cognition, which posits that our thoughts are shaped by physical interactions with our environment.

 Research shows that actions like walking or gesturing can alter our perception of time and space, while motor imagery activates movement-related brain regions. Even abstract thinking and language processing are tied to sensorimotor activities. 

Furthermore, specific training, such as facial exercises or virtual reality, can enhance cognitive skills in individuals with disabilities or mental health issues, underscoring that cognition is deeply rooted in our bodily experiences. The Role of the Sensorimotor System in Cognitive Functions - PMC

Eye Exams:

• What it is: Eye exams are thorough evaluations conducted by either an ophthalmologist or an optometrist. These professionals assess your vision and overall eye health to ensure everything is functioning properly.
• Why it matters: These examinations are crucial because they can identify serious conditions such as age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, cataracts, and diabetic retinopathy. Early detection of these issues is vital, as they can lead to significant vision loss if left untreated.
• Frequency: It is recommended to have eye exams annually or every two years, depending on your age and risk factors. Regular check-ups help maintain good eye health and catch any potential problems early on. ^12

Hearing Exams:

• What it is: Hearing exams are tests conducted by audiologists to evaluate an individual's hearing capabilities. These assessments help determine how well a person can hear various sounds and frequencies, which is essential for effective communication.
• Why it matters: Understanding the results of hearing exams is crucial because they can reveal hearing loss. This condition can significantly affect a person's ability to interact socially, leading to feelings of isolation. Additionally, research has shown that untreated hearing loss may be associated with cognitive decline, making early detection important.
• Frequency: It is recommended to have hearing exams every few years or sooner if you notice any changes in your hearing. Regular check-ups can help catch potential issues early, ensuring that any necessary interventions can be made to maintain your auditory health. ^13

The Surprising Connection Between Hearing and Memory

A June 15, 2023, NIH article highlights the strong link between midlife hearing loss and an increased risk of cognitive decline and dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease. It reviews evidence from human and animal studies showing that hearing impairment can lead to changes in brain structure, reduced neurogenesis in the hippocampus, and greater social isolation, all contributing to cognitive decline. 

The article suggests that hearing aids may help preserve cognitive function, though more rigorous studies are needed to confirm this. It calls for early diagnosis, better intervention strategies, and standardized cognitive assessments for individuals with hearing loss to improve outcomes and reduce dementia risk. Hearing loss and its link to cognitive impairment and dementia - PMC

Cognitive Assessment:

• What it is: Cognitive assessment involves straightforward tests conducted by your doctor to evaluate various mental functions, including memory and problem-solving skills. These assessments are designed to gauge how well your brain is functioning and can provide valuable insights into your cognitive health.
• Why it matters: The significance of cognitive assessments lies in their ability to identify early indicators of conditions like Alzheimer's disease, dementia, or other cognitive issues. By recognizing these signs early, healthcare providers can implement timely interventions and create support plans tailored to individual needs, which can greatly improve quality of life.
• Frequency: Typically, cognitive assessments are performed during annual physical exams, particularly if there are any concerns about cognitive decline. Additionally, engaging in brain health exercises and maintaining social connections are crucial for preserving cognitive function, highlighting the importance of an active and involved lifestyle. ^14

The Role of Lifestyle in Cognitive Health

An April 2025 Harvard Health article discusses ways to maintain brain sharpness with age by utilizing neuroplasticity, the brain's adaptability. It highlights that healthy lifestyle choices—such as regular exercise, mental stimulation, quality sleep, stress management, and social engagement—can strengthen neuron connections and enhance cognitive function.

The article recommends strategies for brain health, including aerobic exercise to boost brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), essential for brain growth. It also advocates for brain-healthy diets like the Mediterranean or MIND diet and encourages lifelong learning to improve cognitive abilities.

Furthermore, the article emphasizes the importance of sleep for memory consolidation and suggests mindfulness practices as effective methods for mitigating the negative effects of stress on cognitive health over time. Tips to leverage neuroplasticity to maintain cognitive fitness as you age - Harvard Health

5. Immunizations and Vaccinations: Building Your Defenses

Vaccines aren't just for children; they are vital for protecting seniors from serious infectious diseases.

Influenza (Flu) Vaccine:

• Why it matters: The influenza vaccine is particularly important for seniors, as they face a greater risk of experiencing severe complications from the flu. This age group often has weakened immune systems, making them more vulnerable to the virus and its potential consequences.
• Frequency: To ensure optimal protection, it is recommended that seniors receive the flu vaccine annually. Regular vaccination helps to reduce the likelihood of serious illness and contributes to overall public health by minimizing the spread of the virus. ^15

Pneumococcal Vaccines (Pneumonia):

• Why it matters: Pneumococcal vaccines are vital for protecting against serious illnesses like pneumonia, meningitis, and bloodstream infections, making them essential for public health.
• Frequency: The vaccination schedule for PCV13 and PPSV23 varies based on individual health needs, so it's important to consult your doctor to ensure optimal protection against pneumococcal diseases. ^15

Shingles (Herpes Zoster) Vaccine:

• Why it matters: Shingles, also known as Herpes Zoster, is a condition that can cause severe pain and may result in lasting complications. This makes it crucial for individuals to be aware of the risks associated with shingles and the importance of prevention.
• Frequency: For adults aged 50 and older, it is recommended to receive the shingles vaccine, specifically two doses of Shingrix. This vaccination can significantly reduce the chances of developing shingles and its associated discomfort. ^15

Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis (Tdap) Vaccine:

• Why it matters: The vaccine is crucial for safeguarding your health against three serious diseases: tetanus, diphtheria, and whooping cough. These illnesses can lead to severe complications, making vaccination an important preventive measure.
• Frequency: To maintain protection, it's recommended to receive a Td booster shot every ten years. Additionally, if you haven't had a Tdap dose before, it's essential to get one to ensure you're fully protected against these infections. ^15

6. Dental Health: More Than Just a Smile

Oral health is frequently neglected, yet it plays a crucial role in overall well-being, particularly for older adults. Maintaining good dental hygiene can significantly influence various health aspects, making it essential for seniors to prioritize their oral care.

Dental Check-ups and Cleanings:

• What it is: Dental check-ups and cleanings involve a thorough examination by a dentist, along with a professional cleaning of your teeth. This process is essential for maintaining good oral health and ensuring that your teeth and gums are in optimal condition.
• Why it matters: Regular dental visits are crucial because they help identify potential problems such as cavities, gum disease, and even oral cancers. Additionally, maintaining oral health is important since poor dental hygiene has been linked to serious health issues like heart disease and diabetes.
• Frequency: It is recommended to have dental check-ups at least once a year, but those managing gum disease may need to visit more frequently. Staying on top of your dental health can prevent more serious issues down the line and contribute to your overall well-being. ^16

The connection between oral bacteria and systemic inflammation.

This article from Pierre Health discusses the connection between poor dental hygiene and systemic inflammation, highlighting how oral health can influence chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and respiratory problems. Bacteria from gum disease can enter the bloodstream, triggering immune responses that can exacerbate these health issues.

The article stresses the importance of preventive measures like regular brushing, flossing, dental visits, and a balanced diet to help reduce inflammation and enhance overall health. The main takeaway is that taking care of your teeth is crucial not just for a bright smile, but also for maintaining your overall well-being. Dental Health & Systemic Inflammation: The Oral-Systemic Connection - Pierre Health

Preparing for Your Screenings: Maximizing Your Appointments

To make the most of your health screenings, consider these tips:

• Maintain a Health Journal: Keep a detailed record of your symptoms, medications, family medical history, and any previous test results. This information can provide your doctor with essential context, helping them make more informed decisions about your care.
• Prepare Questions: Before your appointment, take some time to jot down any questions or concerns you may have. This will ensure that you don’t forget to address important topics during your visit.
• Be Honest and Transparent: It’s crucial to share complete and accurate information about your lifestyle, diet, and habits with your healthcare provider. This honesty will help them understand your health better and tailor their advice to your specific situation.
• Follow Instructions Carefully: If you need to undergo fasting blood tests or prepare for specific procedures like a colonoscopy, make sure you fully understand the instructions provided. Adhering to these guidelines is vital for accurate test results and a smooth process.
• Bring a Supportive Companion: Consider bringing a trusted family member or friend with you to your appointment. They can help by listening, taking notes, and asking questions, which can make the experience less overwhelming and ensure you don’t miss any essential information.
• Review Results: It's important to request copies of your test results and have a conversation with your doctor about their implications. Understanding your results can help you make informed decisions about your health.

Beyond Screenings: A Holistic Approach to Healthy Aging

While essential health screenings are a cornerstone, they are part of a larger picture of holistic healthy aging. Complementary strategies include:

• Balanced Nutrition: A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains supports all bodily functions and helps manage chronic conditions.
• Regular Physical Activity: Exercise, tailored to your abilities, improves cardiovascular health, strengthens bones, enhances mood, and maintains mobility.
• Mental and Social Engagement: Staying mentally active and socially connected helps preserve cognitive function and combats loneliness and depression.
• Adequate Sleep: Quality sleep is vital for physical and mental restoration.
• Stress Management: Techniques such as meditation, yoga, or engaging in hobbies can help mitigate the negative effects of stress on one's health.
• Avoiding Harmful Habits: Limiting alcohol consumption and avoiding smoking are crucial for long-term health.

Conclusion: Your Partner in Longevity

Prioritizing essential health screenings as you age is a powerful testament to your commitment to a vibrant, independent future. By working closely with your healthcare provider, understanding the importance of each check-up, and embracing a holistic approach to wellness, you can confidently navigate the journey of aging. These screenings are not merely medical procedures; they are investments in your continued health, happiness, and the longevity of your precious golden years. Embrace them and empower yourself to live your healthiest life.

Citations

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10. Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures: Screening. (2025). Retrieved 16 September 2025, from https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/osteoporosis-screening
11. Screening for Colorectal Cancer. (2025). Retrieved 16 September 2025, from https://www.cdc.gov/colorectal-cancer/screening/index.html
12. David Turbert. Eye Health Information for Adults Over 65. (2025). Retrieved 16 September 2025, from https://www.aao.org/eye-health/tips-prevention/seniors
13. By Hearing Specialist. How Often Should I Get My Hearing Tested?. (2025). Retrieved 16 September 2025, from https://www.americanear.com/blog/how-often-to-get-hearing-tested/
14. Assessing Cognitive Impairment in Older Patients | National Institute on Aging. (2025). Retrieved 16 September 2025, from https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/health-care-professionals-information/assessing-cognitive-impairment-older-patients
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